Bartholin’s glands are two small glands located on each side of the vaginal opening, responsible for producing lubrication. At May-Grant OB/GYN, many women in Lancaster, PA, and the surrounding areas seek education about rare but serious conditions like Bartholin’s gland cancer. Although most issues with these glands are related to cysts or infections, in rare cases, malignant tumors can develop. Bartholin’s gland cancer accounts for less than 1% of all female genital tract cancers, making it extremely uncommon but important to understand.
Because it is so rare, Bartholin’s gland cancer can often be mistaken for other conditions, such as benign cysts or abscesses. This similarity may delay diagnosis, which highlights the need for awareness. Understanding what this cancer is, how it develops, and what treatment options are available empowers patients to seek timely medical evaluation and make informed decisions.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact causes of Bartholin’s gland cancer are not always clear. Like many cancers, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic mutations and environmental influences that trigger uncontrolled cell growth. However, certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing this rare cancer.
Age is one of the most significant risk factors, as Bartholin’s gland cancer is more commonly diagnosed in women over 40. Additionally, a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly high-risk strains, has been linked to some cases. Women with a history of other gynecologic cancers or abnormal cell growth may also be at increased risk. Although these factors can contribute, it is important to remember that having a risk factor does not guarantee the development of cancer, and women without risk factors can still be diagnosed.
Signs and Symptoms
Because Bartholin’s gland cancer is rare, symptoms may be overlooked or attributed to more common issues like cysts. However, being aware of potential warning signs is essential for early detection.
Some possible symptoms include a persistent lump or mass near the vaginal opening, pain or discomfort in the area, swelling that does not resolve with treatment, or bleeding unrelated to menstruation. In some cases, the lump may be firm or irregular compared to the soft, fluid-filled nature of a cyst. Difficulty walking, sitting, or having sexual intercourse may also develop if the tumor grows large enough to cause pressure. These symptoms should not be ignored, and women experiencing them are encouraged to seek medical evaluation promptly.
Diagnosis and Staging
Diagnosing Bartholin’s gland cancer often begins with a physical examination. Because it can mimic benign conditions, providers may recommend a biopsy to confirm whether the tissue is cancerous. Imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, may also be used to evaluate the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby structures.
Once confirmed, the cancer is staged based on how far it has spread. Early-stage cancers are confined to the Bartholin’s gland area, while advanced stages may involve surrounding tissues, lymph nodes, or distant organs. Accurate staging is essential because it guides treatment decisions and helps predict outcomes.
Treatment Options
Treatment for Bartholin’s gland cancer depends on several factors, including the size and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health. Surgery is the most common treatment, often involving removal of the gland and surrounding tissue to ensure all cancer cells are eliminated. In some cases, lymph nodes in the groin may also be removed to check for spread.
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be recommended, either alone or in combination with surgery, depending on the stage. Radiation is often used to target residual cancer cells, while chemotherapy may be used for more advanced or recurrent cases. Some women may also be candidates for reconstructive surgery after tumor removal to help restore function and comfort. Each treatment plan is individualized to provide the best possible outcomes.
Key Considerations in Treatment
- Surgery is the primary treatment for most cases
- Radiation therapy can reduce recurrence risk
- Chemotherapy may be considered for advanced stages
- Supportive care helps manage side effects and improve quality of life
Living with and Beyond Treatment
Receiving a diagnosis of Bartholin’s gland cancer can be overwhelming, but advances in treatment have improved outcomes for many women. Support from healthcare providers, family, and support groups can make a significant difference in coping with the physical and emotional challenges of cancer.
Long-term follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any side effects from treatment. Women are encouraged to maintain open communication with their providers, follow recommended screening schedules, and prioritize overall wellness through balanced nutrition, exercise, and stress management. At May-Grant OB/GYN, patients throughout Lancaster, PA, and nearby communities are reminded that education and proactive care are vital in navigating rare conditions like Bartholin’s gland cancer.
References
Di Donato, V., Casorelli, A., Bardhi, E., et al. (2017). Bartholin’s gland carcinoma. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.
Curtin, J. P., Rubin, S. C., Hoskins, W. J., & Lewis, J. L. (1991). Bartholin’s gland carcinoma: A clinicopathologic study of 24 patients. Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Salgado, C. M., Aguiar, L. B., & Carvalho, J. P. (2014). Bartholin’s gland carcinoma: Review of literature. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer.
