Endometrial cancer, the most common type of uterine cancer, affects the lining of the uterus known as the endometrium. This type of cancer primarily occurs in postmenopausal women, although it can also affect younger women. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and exploring the treatment options for endometrial cancer are crucial for early detection and effective management. At May-Grant OB/GYN in Lancaster, PA, our team of experienced providers is dedicated to offering comprehensive care and support for women facing this condition.
Causes of Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer occurs when cells in the endometrium begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. While the exact cause of this cellular mutation is not fully understood, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing endometrial cancer.
Hormonal Imbalance
One of the most significant risk factors for endometrial cancer is an imbalance in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. Estrogen promotes the growth of the endometrium, while progesterone helps regulate its thickness. When estrogen levels are elevated without a corresponding increase in progesterone, the endometrium can become overly thickened, leading to abnormal cell growth and potentially cancerous changes.
This imbalance can be caused by various factors, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT) that contains estrogen without progesterone, obesity (which increases estrogen levels), and conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that disrupt hormonal balance.
Age and Genetics
Age is another critical factor in the development of endometrial cancer. The majority of cases occur in women over the age of 50, particularly after menopause. Additionally, a family history of endometrial or other types of cancer, such as colon or ovarian cancer, can increase the risk. Genetic mutations, particularly in the Lynch syndrome gene, are also linked to a higher likelihood of developing endometrial cancer.
Lifestyle Factors
Certain lifestyle choices can contribute to the risk of endometrial cancer. For example, a diet high in fat and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk, as can a sedentary lifestyle. Conversely, regular exercise and a healthy diet rich in nutrients may help lower the risk. Maintaining a healthy weight is particularly important, as obesity is a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer due to its effect on hormone levels.
Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer is vital for early diagnosis and treatment. While some symptoms may be subtle or mistaken for other conditions, it is essential to be aware of the signs and seek medical attention if they occur.
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
The most common and often the earliest symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. For postmenopausal women, any vaginal bleeding should be evaluated by a healthcare provider, as it is not typical after menopause. In premenopausal women, irregular bleeding, particularly between periods or heavy menstrual bleeding, may also be a warning sign.
Pelvic Pain and Discomfort
As endometrial cancer progresses, it may cause pain or discomfort in the pelvic region. This can manifest as a dull ache, cramping, or pressure in the lower abdomen or pelvis. Some women may also experience pain during intercourse or difficulty urinating.
Unexplained Weight Loss and Fatigue
Unexplained weight loss and persistent fatigue are other potential symptoms of endometrial cancer, particularly in more advanced stages. These symptoms can result from the body’s response to the cancerous cells or from the cancer spreading to other areas of the body.
Diagnosis and Staging of Endometrial Cancer
If endometrial cancer is suspected, your healthcare provider at May-Grant OB/GYN will conduct a series of diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its stage.
Diagnostic Procedures
The initial evaluation typically involves a pelvic examination to check for any abnormalities in the uterus or surrounding structures. This may be followed by an ultrasound to provide images of the uterus and detect any thickening of the endometrium or masses.
To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy of the endometrium is usually performed. This procedure involves removing a small sample of tissue from the uterine lining, which is then examined under a microscope for cancerous cells. In some cases, a hysteroscopy may be conducted, allowing the provider to view the inside of the uterus and collect tissue samples directly.
Staging the Cancer
Once endometrial cancer is diagnosed, it is crucial to determine the stage of the cancer, which indicates how far it has spread. Staging helps guide treatment decisions and provides an outlook for recovery.
Staging typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, or chest X-rays to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or lymph nodes. The stages range from Stage I (cancer confined to the uterus) to Stage IV (cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs or liver).
Treatment Options for Endometrial Cancer
The treatment plan for endometrial cancer depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. At May-Grant OB/GYN, our providers offer a range of treatment options tailored to each patient’s unique needs.
Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment for endometrial cancer, particularly in the early stages. The standard procedure is a hysterectomy, which involves removing the uterus. In some cases, the ovaries and fallopian tubes may also be removed, especially if there is a risk of cancer spreading to these organs.
For more advanced stages, lymph node dissection or debulking surgery may be necessary to remove as much of the cancer as possible. These procedures aim to reduce the tumor burden and improve the effectiveness of other treatments.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. It may be used as a primary treatment for those who cannot undergo surgery or as an adjuvant therapy following surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. Radiation can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy), depending on the location and extent of the cancer.
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy is an option for women with hormone-sensitive endometrial cancer. This treatment involves using medications that either reduce estrogen levels in the body or block its effects on cancer cells. Hormone therapy is particularly useful for women with advanced cancer or those who wish to preserve fertility.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It is typically used for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer, often in combination with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the specific drugs used and the patient’s treatment plan.
Empowering Your Health: Early Detection and Prevention
Endometrial cancer is a serious condition, but early detection and appropriate treatment can lead to a favorable outcome. At May-Grant OB/GYN in Lancaster, PA, our providers are committed to educating women about the risks, symptoms, and treatment options for endometrial cancer. Regular gynecological check-ups, awareness of personal risk factors, and prompt attention to unusual symptoms are essential steps in protecting your health.
Taking proactive measures, such as maintaining a healthy weight, managing hormonal balance, and staying informed about your body’s changes, can significantly reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Empower yourself with knowledge and work closely with your healthcare provider to ensure you receive the best possible care.
Sources:
- Felix, A. S., Yang, H. P., Bell, D. W., & Sherman, M. E. (2013). Epidemiology of Endometrial Carcinoma: Etiologic Importance of Hormonal and Metabolic Influences. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.
- Amant, F., Moerman, P., Neven, P., Timmerman, D., Van Limbergen, E., & Vergote, I. (2005). Endometrial cancer. The Lancet.
- Sorosky, J. I. (2012). Endometrial cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology.
