Bartholin’s gland cancer is a rare type of malignancy that develops in one of the two Bartholin’s glands, which are located on either side of the vaginal opening. These glands are responsible for secreting mucus to lubricate the vaginal area, especially during sexual activity. Cancer of the Bartholin’s gland accounts for less than 1% of all gynecologic cancers, and due to its rarity and subtle symptoms, it is often misdiagnosed or detected at a later stage.
Because the glands are small and deeply located, a tumor may initially be mistaken for a benign cyst or abscess. This can delay diagnosis and, in some cases, allow the cancer to progress before it is properly identified. At May-Grant OB/GYN, we emphasize the importance of early detection and encourage patients to report any persistent changes or masses near the vaginal area to their healthcare provider. With timely diagnosis and the right treatment approach, outcomes for Bartholin’s gland cancer can be improved.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of Bartholin’s gland cancer is not fully understood, but like many cancers, it is believed to be associated with cellular mutations that trigger abnormal growth. One known contributing factor is age; the condition most commonly occurs in women over the age of 50. Chronic inflammation or infection in the area may also increase the likelihood of malignant changes, though research in this area is ongoing.
Another known risk factor is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly high-risk strains that are also linked to cervical and vulvar cancers. HPV-related cancers tend to develop in the squamous cells, which may affect how the disease presents and progresses. A weakened immune system, smoking, and a history of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia may further contribute to increased risk. Although rare, Bartholin’s gland cancer should be on the radar when evaluating persistent, unexplained lumps near the vaginal opening, especially in older patients.
Recognizing the Symptoms
The early signs of Bartholin’s gland cancer can be subtle and are often mistaken for more common benign conditions. Many women initially discover a painless lump or swelling in the vulvar area, which may not seem alarming. However, over time, the mass may grow, become painful, or ulcerate.
Symptoms may include:
- A firm mass near the vaginal opening, often on one side
- Discomfort during sitting, walking, or intercourse
- Pain or swelling in the vulvar region
- Bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation
- A sore or ulcer that does not heal
Because these symptoms overlap with those of cysts, abscesses, or infections, a biopsy is essential to confirm a diagnosis. If a Bartholin’s gland mass persists despite standard treatment or appears in a woman over 40, further evaluation is recommended. At May-Grant OB/GYN, our providers take a thorough approach to diagnosis to ensure that serious conditions like Bartholin’s gland cancer are not overlooked.
How Bartholin’s Gland Cancer Is Diagnosed
Diagnosis typically begins with a pelvic examination. If a mass is detected, the provider may order imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI to assess the size, shape, and location. A definitive diagnosis, however, requires a biopsy—removing a sample of tissue for laboratory analysis.
Once cancer is confirmed, additional tests such as CT scans or PET scans may be used to determine whether the disease has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other tissues. Staging the cancer is critical for determining the best course of treatment. The staging system ranges from Stage I (confined to the gland) to Stage IV (involving distant organs). Accurate staging helps guide treatment decisions and gives a clearer picture of prognosis.
Treatment Options for Bartholin’s Gland Cancer
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the size of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. In early-stage cases, surgery is typically the primary treatment. This may involve a wide local excision to remove the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue, or a more extensive vulvectomy if the cancer has spread beyond the gland.
In some cases, nearby lymph nodes are removed and tested for cancer cells, especially if the disease has reached more advanced stages. If lymph nodes are involved, or if complete surgical removal is not possible, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as additional treatments.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells, while chemotherapy involves medication that travels through the bloodstream to attack cancer at the cellular level. These treatments can be used alone or in combination, depending on the individual case. At May-Grant OB/GYN, we work closely with oncology specialists to develop comprehensive treatment plans that reflect the latest research and best practices in gynecologic cancer care.
Post-Treatment Monitoring and Quality of Life
Recovery after treatment for Bartholin’s gland cancer depends on the type of therapy received. Surgical procedures may involve a healing period of several weeks, with attention to wound care and physical activity restrictions. Radiation and chemotherapy can cause fatigue, skin irritation, and other side effects, which are managed with supportive care.
Follow-up appointments are essential to monitor for recurrence, manage side effects, and support emotional recovery. Many women experience anxiety or concerns about intimacy after cancer treatment, and emotional support is a vital part of the healing process. Counseling, pelvic floor therapy, or sexual health support may be recommended as part of a holistic recovery plan.
At May-Grant OB/GYN, our providers remain engaged with patients long after treatment concludes. We offer ongoing surveillance and resources for physical and emotional wellness to help women return to everyday life with confidence and strength.
Preventative Measures and HPV Vaccination
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent Bartholin’s gland cancer, reducing modifiable risk factors can be helpful. Practicing safe sex, avoiding smoking, and maintaining regular gynecologic care can all contribute to overall vulvar health.
Because HPV infection is a known risk factor, vaccination against HPV is a powerful preventative measure. The HPV vaccine is recommended for preteens but can also benefit adults up to age 45. Regular pelvic exams and prompt evaluation of any unusual symptoms are essential for early detection and better outcomes.
Compassionate Care in Lancaster, PA
Bartholin’s gland cancer may be rare, but at May-Grant OB/GYN, we understand the fear and uncertainty that can come with any cancer diagnosis. Our experienced providers across Lancaster and surrounding locations are dedicated to delivering compassionate, expert care at every stage—from diagnosis to treatment to long-term support.
We prioritize patient education, individualized treatment planning, and open communication. If you are experiencing persistent vulvar symptoms or have concerns about a mass or lesion, don’t wait to seek evaluation. Early diagnosis can make all the difference.
Frequently Asked Questions About Bartholin’s Gland Cancer
How common is Bartholin’s gland cancer?
It is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of all gynecologic cancers.
What age group is most affected?
Most cases occur in women over the age of 50, but it can develop at any age.
Can a Bartholin’s cyst turn into cancer?
Most cysts are benign, but any persistent or recurrent mass, especially in women over 40, should be evaluated for malignancy.
Is surgery always required?
Surgery is often the first step, but the approach depends on the stage and spread. Radiation and chemotherapy may also be used.
Can HPV cause Bartholin’s gland cancer?
Yes, high-risk strains of HPV have been linked to some cases, making vaccination and regular screenings important preventative tools.
Advocating for Early Detection and Treatment
Although Bartholin’s gland cancer is rare, it underscores the importance of regular gynecological exams and prompt attention to unusual symptoms. With early detection and expert treatment, outcomes can be greatly improved.
At May-Grant OB/GYN, we are committed to ensuring that every woman receives the personalized care and attention she deserves. Whether you’re navigating a new diagnosis or seeking answers about persistent symptoms, we are here to help with clinical expertise, compassion, and a team-based approach to care.
Resources:
Cardosi, R. J., et al. (2001). Bartholin’s gland carcinoma: a 15-year experience. Gynecologic Oncology.
Young, R. H., & Scully, R. E. (1988). Carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: a clinicopathologic study. Cancer.
Rader, J. S. (2018). Gynecologic cancers: Rare tumors of the vulva. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America.
